What is epistemology?

Speaking of "epistemology" does not come naturally, because this name is ambiguous. His unit contingent epistemic, scientific unknown place, either side of the analysis, either side of criticism.
According to the most common definition without using the old sense of the word (Greek episteme, "knowledge or science" and logos, "study") would say that his field experience is the scientific discourse in a critical view. As his work includes a reflection on science, their approaches and results and is therefore a part of philosophy that is interested in rational discourse on scientific knowledge. Indeed, the second meaning is that of definitional study of "epistemic" as part of recreational speech produced by positivist disciplines called "non-science." From this angle, what is science? How to buy? What are the steps of analysis? Why it occurs?
In common usage, the word "science" can have several meanings and it is therefore necessary to disambiguate the conceptual confusion with "knowledge" and "knowledge", citing the definition of Descartes (1596-1695): "Science is a body of knowledge, study of universal value, characterized by an object and a specific method, based on verifiable objective relations "(1). This definition associates the word "science" a certain kind of rigor and objectivity of relations based on verifiable, and the word "verifiable" refers to a confrontation with the facts or to control the internal consistency of knowledge. It is clear that the only internal consistency of knowledge can not give them a universal value and that only a confrontation with the facts warrants that this knowledge is applicable.
However, as Descartes' epistemology has arisen for solving scientific problems "that is to say the research is based on epistemological relativity of scientific theories, while calling into question their results. Then, it is based on a protocol of observation and description developed by philosophers foundationalist who asked about the possibility of isolation of the facts of observation based on the generalization of theories.
On the other hand, the holistic perspective, positivist, for which (Willard Van Orman Quine), the observation protocol is not critical, so there is no limit to empiricism in relation theorization of its observation. On this dimension, epistemology is used to verify the extent of the validity of science (social and exact) after a description of objective analysis approaches to study science. With an inductive method (which involves moving from a singular event in a logical justification of the results). By cons, according to Karl Popper, this reasoning is relative, because many observations are not sufficient to develop a universal theory falsified by a single unexpected remark. Moreover, according to Gaston Bachelard: "Spirit is the sign problem of the scientific mind (...) there is no knowledge data, there are only structured knowledge" (3), this definition shows that knowledge does not build in an arbitrary manner but rather it is integrating them into existing conceptual networks.
On an educational dimension, epistemology comes, of course, presumably at the formulation of theories, Gaston Bachelard considers knowledge as a product of cognitive growth, saying "there is no juxtaposition of knowledge "(4). The epistemology involved in establishing complementary links between science, while ensuring their universality.
In addition, learning is a challenge for teaching and for epistemology called the theory of science. The latter is also based on one or strategies for analysis after a description of objective scientific results to apply science in a state of constant evolution.
In terms of exact sciences, such as mathematical epistemology does not provide ways for demonstration or strategies for solving an equation, but it serves to ask, after seeing the final result achieved by mathematician.
On the way of demonstration. This review (a posteriori) allows the mathematician to follow his steps for solving a given problem slowly and surely, and therefore, "the theories of science" is the logical basis of all criticism.
In terms of linguistics, JG MILNER mentions that "the general rules in question define this meta discipline called" the epistemology of linguistics "or" theory of language '"(5). Epistemology thus includes a reflection on the language (its origin and autonomy), it opens new horizons in linguistics research.
There are two types of epistemology:
1-An epistemology to internal criteria, inspired by Aristotelian thinking (a theory based on three criteria to satisfy a theory of language: consistency, formal rigor and simplicity of the reasoning).
Another 2-on external criteria, illustrated by Galileo (1564-1642) where the concept of epistemology Galilean relied on hypothetical-deductive method: the construction of prior assumptions for an efficient audit results.
In the end, this theory of science of science leads to continuous development with growth sure to satisfy the horizons of expectation of the researchers. It is therefore a science laboratory empirical scientific crisis resolution. It gives priority to monitoring and counseling, it is "the science of scientific problems solved" So, are there any epistemology of epistemology?